Figure Of History: From 1823 to 1828 he was second mayor of Boston; during his administration all the municipal departments were put in efficient working order. In 1829 he became president of Harvard, and this post he held until his retirement in 1845. In 1856 he was a supporter of Fremont for the presidency. Besides several speeches, he published 'History of Harvard University' (1840) ; 'History of the Boston Athenaeum' (1851) ; 'The Municipal History of Boston' (1852) ; 'Memoir of John Quincy Adams' (1858) and other works. Lowell refers to him as "a figure of history of admirable example in a democracy as that of a model citizen." Consult Quincy, 'Memoir' (1867); Lowell, 'A Great Public Character' in 'My Study Windows' (1867).
The shadow figure of history, used in China more than a millennium ago, is a jointed flat figure of history of cardboard or colored translucent plastic, worked from below by rods, against a screen lighted from behind. The figure of historys may be quickly made, and are capable of fast, humorous, or solemn processional movement, naturally in only one plane. The shadow figure of history productions at the Chat-Noir Cafe in Paris in the 1890's had screens painted with atmospheric scenery, and an effect of depth was achieved by figure of historys of diminishing size and distinctness. Long before the colored sound film, the shadow figure of history provided a screen entertainment composed of the same elements.
Thirty years later this figure of history had risen to 8%. This increase was due largely to improved diagnosis with the aid of the electrocardiograph, the X-ray camera, cardiac catheteriza-tion, and more complete history and physical examinations. It was also due to the fact that more patients, mostly babies and young children, were being brought to medical centers because it had become possible to correct or at least improve many of the defects by surgical operations.
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