History Of Painting: By the beginning of the 8th century landscape, which was to become the noblest form of Chinese painting, had freed itself from its role as . mere background to figure painting. Li Ssti-* sun, who was bom about 651 and died in 716 ' r 720, and his son, Li Chao-tao, are generally ^cognized as the liberators of landscape painting. Known as the Two Li Generals, they founded the Li or northern school of painting.
The Whitney Museum of American Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City organize local and national competitions in water colors. The International Water Color Exhibition Biennials are held at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, and similar shows are held in the Art Institute, Chicago, 111., and other major museums.
Consult Whitney Museum of American Art, A history of painting of American Watercolor Painting, catalogue, with introduction by Alan Burroughs (New York 1942); Goodrich, Lloyd, American Watercolor and Winslow Homer (New York 1945). General histories of American painting, such as Edgar Preston Richardson's Painting in America (New York 1956), mention specialists in water-color painting. For current developments, consult catalogues published by the museums.
Italian painting. Italy's wealth during the Middle Ages was derived largely from her trade with the Orient, and in each city leaders competed in externally expressing their power and grandeur. The purchase of works of art was one of their methods, and great opportunities developed for the artists who excelled in reflecting the philosophy, religion, and needs of their particular patrons. Cities vied with each other and all their citizens discussed the relative merits of the masters. The church, too, used the artist to explain its dogmas and history of painting to the people. These developments in different localities are today known as schools of painting. In Italy the principal centers of art were in Florence and Venice, although minor schools existed in all other large cities.
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Photography
