Treaty Of Paris Of 1815: During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, France demanded indemnities of over 400 million francs from Italian states, the Netherlands, Portugal, Austria, Prussia, and other German states; and by the Treaty of Paris of 1815 she had to pay the Allies 700 million francs. The British required heavy indemnities from China after the wars of the 1840's and 1850's, and France received indemnities from the emperor of Annam by the Treaty of Saigon of 1862. Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Netherlands received an indemnity from Japan after the hostilities of 1864, and Spain obtained 65 million francs from Peru after the hostilities of 1865.
Named foreign minister in April 1856, he favored an alliance with France against Austria and Britain that would enable Russia to undo the provision of the Treaty of Paris (March 30, 1856) barring Russian naval vessels from the Black Sea. But his plan for cooperation with France foundered on France's pro-Polish attitude at the time of the Polish rebellion of 1863, and Russia returned to her traditional alignment with Prussia. On Oct. 31, 1871, during the Franco-Prussian War, Gorchakov repudiated the Black Sea clause of the Paris treaty, realizing his long-cherished goal. He was then instrumental in promoting a revival of the Holy Alliance in the form of the League of Three Emperors (1872-1873).
RESTORATION, The, in English history a term applied to the accession of King Charles II, in 1660, after the civil war, to the throne of England, after an interregnum of 11 years and 4 months, from 30 Jan. 1649 (when Charles I was beheaded) to 29 May 1660. In French history, the first restoration begins 3 May 1814, when Louis XVIII made his entry into Paris under the protection of foreign bayonets and ended with the return of Napoleon from Elba, 20 March 1815. The beginning of the second restoration is generally reckoned from the battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815, and terminated on 29 July 1830, with the abdication of Charles X.
|
|
Photography
